The Bronx

In 1639 Jonas Bronck, a Swedish sea captain living in the Netherlands, becomes the first settler in The Bronx, along with his wife and a handful of German, Dutch, and Danish indentured servants. Most of the Bronx County became a farm owned by the Bronck family. Many of his wealthy friends from Manhattan would come to visit him in the farm and they would simply say:

"we are going to the Broncks' "

Aiello, Danny - Born in Manhattan, his family moved to the South Bronx when he was seven.  At sixteen, he lied about his age and enlisted in the U.S. Army for three years and returned to the Bronx to marry Sandy Cohen.  He turned to acting in his late thirties, impressing directors with his strong presence and expressive face.

Bonilla, Bobby - Grew up in a Bronx Puerto Rican family and rooted for the National League New York Mets.  As a youngster, he dreamed of becoming a baseball star and playing for his favorite team.  In his case, dreams do come true.  The Mets acquired him for his home run hitting abilities, but he was later traded.   Although a major league start, he never forgot his Bronx origins, returning home often to work with youngsters.

Bruckner, Henry - A partner in the Bruckner Brothers Soda Company of The Bronx.  Their best-selling product was named U-No-Us.  He was also a politically active Democrat, serving as an Assemblyman in 1901, and as a Congressman from 1913 to 1917.  He resigned the last post after his election as Bronx Borough President, and served in that office from 1917 to 1933.  Widely popular, he retired only because of illness.  Bruckner Boulevard and Expressway bear his name.

Carrión, Adolfo Jr. - The 12th chief executive of The Bronx, since municipal incorporation in 1898, was born in lower Manhattan and moved with his family to the Baychester section of the Northeast Bronx when he was in fourth grade. The son of a Protestant minister and a mother who gave him a daily dose of the golden rule, Carrión graduated from Kings College, a Christian liberal arts college, at the time located in Westchester County. He served as an associate pastor at a Bronx church and later as a public school teacher in the West Bronx.

Corman, Avery - Grew up in The Bronx area around Kingsbridge Road near Jerome Avenue.  He became a writer and is probably best known for his screenplay, "Kramer vs. Kramer."  Soon afterward, however, Corman wrote a novel, "The Old Neighborhood," about the place where he grew up.  The central character returns to Kingsbridge Road to find his roots and his bearings, getting to know the new people there, who also participate in the same activities he did as a youngster.

Curtis, Tony - Born Bernie Schwartz, he grew up on the streets of Hunts Point.  His athletic good looks landed him a job in Hollywood as an actor, specializing in romantic leads, tough guys, and swashbucklers.  Whether playing a medieval nobleman or a Roman slave of Greek origin, he never lost his Bronx accent.   His comedic talents were showcased in such films as "Some Like It Hot," where he played opposite Marilyn Monroe.  He is also known for his talent as an artist of oil paintings.

Darin, Bobby - Born Walden Robert Cassotto on May 14, 1936 grew up in the Bronx, where he attended Bronx High School of Science and Hunter College in the Bronx (now Lehman College). He became an idol among teenagers with hit records including, "Splish Splash," "Early in the Morning" and "Queen of the Hop."

Doctorow, E.L. - Grew up in The Bronx neighborhood near Mount Eden Avenue and the Grand Concourse on Eastburn Avenue in the 1930s.  One of the country's leading novelists, he first came to the public's attention with his novel, "Ragtime," which was made into a motion picture.  More recent novels, "World's Fair" and "Billy Bathgate" are based on the Bronx experiences of his youth.

Dodge, Grace - Born the daughter of William E. Dodge, owner of the Phelps Dodge Copper Company, Grace Dodge grew up in the family's Greystone mansion in Riverdale.  She became a pioneer in the new field of social work in the late nineteenth century, and a warm advocate of vocational education.  She was instrumental in establishing the School of Social Work at Columbia University.  Grace Dodge Vocational High School on Crotona Avenue in The Bronx honors her memory and life's work.

Frehley, Ace - Born Paul Daniel Frehley in The Bronx, Ace Frehley grew up at 200th Street and Webster Avenue. He attended Grace Lutheran School, as well as DeWitt Clinton and Theodore Roosevelt high schools. He began playing guitar at age 13. Frehley played in numerous bar bands before joining KISS in 1973. He left KISS in 1982 to pursue a solo career, eventually forming the band Frehley's Comet. After performing with KISS on MTV "Unplugged" in 1995, the band reunited to tour in 1996 and released a new album in 1998. Frehley continues to maintain a solo career.

Gladwin, Walter H. - The pioneer African-American politician in The Bronx.  First elected to the New York State Assembly in 1954, representing Morrisania, he served until 1957, when he became the first black judge of the Bronx Supreme Court.  Gladwin is also noted for his contribution to furthering peaceful race relations in the borough by establishing and heading the Bronx Urban League.

Huntington, Archer M. - Born in 1870, the son of railroad magnate and Throggs Neck resident, Collis P. Huntington, he took a keen interest in cultural activities in the early twentieth century, especially in preserving the heritage of American Indians.  It is partly through his efforts that the Museum of the American Indian was founded in northern Manhattan, and that part of the collections were housed in The Bronx, where he founded the Huntington Free Library and Reading Room.  Educated in Spain, he also founded the Hispanic Society of America.

Huntington, Collis P. - Made a fortune selling groceries to miners during the 1849 California gold rush.  Teaming up with Leland Stanford and others, he built the California Pacific leg of the Transcontinental Railroad.  He later owned so many railroads that he could go cross country without leaving his own property.  He bought the 33-acre Havemeyer estate on Throggs Neck, where he lived until his death in 1900.  He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery.  Huntington Avenue and Collis Place bear his name.

Hutchinson, Anne - A dutiful housewife who settled with fellow Puritans in colonial Massachusetts.  When she developed her own religious ideas and preached them, she and her family were expelled to a more tolerant Rhode Island.  Threatened when the ministers tried to take over that colony, she fled to The Bronx near today's Co-op City in 1642.  Killed in an Indian attack, her name remains in the nearby Hutchinson River.

Joel, Billy - Born William Martin Joel in The Bronx in 1949, he became one of the most popular male recording artists of the 1970s and 1980s.  The son of an Alsatian Jewish father and an English and Russian-Jewish mother, his family moved to Hicksville, Long Island and then to Levittown, where he grew up in  a heavily Italian-American neighborhood.  He began playing on the piano at the age of two, started lessons at the age of four and continued for twelve years. He became the pianist for a popular local bar band named the Hassles, which recorded two albums.  He and the drummer then formed a duo called Attila and cut an album in 1970.   He recorded his first solo album, Cold Spring Harbor, in 1972, moved to Los Angeles, and recorded Piano Man in 1973.  In 1977, he released The Stranger, which included "Just The Way You Are," the winner of the Grammy award for Song Of The Year and Record Of The Year.

Kane, Helen (Betty Boop) - Born in Hunts Point, but growing up in Soundview, she became the symbol of a 1920s flapper.  She became a widely-known singer, with kewpie-doll looks and a doll-like voice.  Nervousness led her to add the nonsense phrase "boop-boop-de-doop" to her songs, and she was nicknamed Betty Boop, a name later applied to a cartoon character that mimicked her style.

Klein, Calvin - Grew up in the Mosholu Parkway area of The Bronx.   He always wanted to design clothes and gained fame when he established his own company.  From designing dresses, he branched out into jeans, underwear and fragrances.  His name became internationally known, partly through his unusual television and print ads featuring particularly attractive models.  He is considered a major fashion designer today.

Klein, Robert - Born in 1942 and raised in the Mosholu Parkway area, he graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School.  A ready with, he honed his comedic skills in a stand-up comedy act that brought his his first fame appearing on television variety shows.  He always wanted to be an actor, however, and appeared on Broadway in the musical "They're Playing Our Song."  He never forgot his Bronx roots and wrote the song, "The Bronx is Beautiful This Time of Year," which he uses in his act.

Kubrick, Stanley - Born in The Bronx, he spent much of his time watching films in cinemas such as Loew's Paradise in The Bronx.  He attended William Howard Taft High School and became the official photographer of the school newspaper.   He sold his first picture to Look magazine for $25 and then joined the staff of the magazine after graduating from high school.  His first film, The Day of the Fight, a short documentary about a boxer, was screened at New York's Paramount Theatre, at which point Kubrick decided to become a film director for life.  His film credits include Fear and Desire, The Killing, Paths of Glory, Spartacus, and the controversial film version of Nabokov's novel Lolita.  Later credits include Dr. Strangelove, A Clockwork Orange, 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Shining and Full Metal Jacket.  He died at his home in England on March 7, 1999.

LaGuardia, Fiorello H. - Has the reputation of being the best mayor in the history of New York City, serving three terms in the 1930s and 1940s, and earlier in Congress.  He first lived on University Avenue in The Bronx as a newlywed.   While mayor, he once used the Bartow-Pell Mansion in Pelham Bay Park as a summer office and residence.  After retirement, he moved into a home in Riverdale on 252nd Street.

LaMotta, Jake - Rose from the streets of The Bronx to become the Light Heavyweight Boxing Champion of the World in 1949.  Some of his early club fights were staged in the Coliseum of West Farms Square.  A battling bruiser with the nickname of the Raging Bull, his winnings enabled him to purchase a home in Pelham Parkway.  He last his title in 1950 to Sugar Ray Robinson, then the reigning Welterweight Champion.   LaMotta's life was made into a screen biography starring Robert DiNiro.

Lauren, Ralph - Grew up in the Mosholu Parkway area of The Bronx.   He became involved in the fashion industry and began to design his own line of clothes.  From dresses, he branched out into men's clothing and home furnishings.   He is known for his elegant but sporty look, symbolized by his Polo label.  He is considered to be one of the world's leading fashion designers today.

Linden, Hal - Born in 1931, he grew up in The Bronx to become one of the best known actors in the country.  Few know that he also appeared in musicals on Broadway and has a pleasing singing voice.  For instance, he starred in "The Rothschilds."  He is better known for his television comedies, especially for the series, Barney Miller, set in a police precinct.

Lopez, Jennifer - Born in The Bronx in 1970, the singer/dancer/actress, who attended Holy Family School, has also worked as a model and appeared in music videos. Lopez was a member of the "Fly Girls" on Fox's In Living Color from 1991 to 1993.  She has appeared in a number of films, most notably My Family/Mi Familia, for which she won an Independent Spirit Award nomination, and Selena, for which she won a Golden Globe Award nomination. Lopez released her first album, On the 6, in 1998. J. Lo, followed in 2001. Also in 2001 she launched a clothing line, J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez. In 2002 Lopez opened a restaurant, Madre's, in Pasadena, California.

Lopez, Mathias - The first publisher and editor of a newspaper in The Bronx.  Based in West Farms, his paper, The Westchester Patriot, not only carried the news, but published literary works and served as an advertising medium for the farmers with land for sale or inns hawking their wares.  The paper was short-lived, and only one issue, from 1813, survives, but Mathias Lopez was the first prominent Hispanic to make his mark in The Bronx.

MacCracken, Henry Mitchell - Born in Ohio the son of a Presbyterian minister, he became the Chancellor of New York University.  He built the university's Bronx campus (now Bronx Community College) and, in 1900, started the Hall of Fame for Great Americans there.  He named the neighborhood University Heights and got the city to name University Avenue.  He moved into today's MacCracken Hall and took an active part in the cultural life of The Bronx, saving the grave of poet Joseph Rodman Drake in Hunts Point.

Marshall, Gary - Growing up on Mosholu Parkway, he was probably drawn to show business by the fact that his mother ran a dance school on nearby Jerome Avenue. He first became a producer and director of television situation comedies, notably "Happy Days" and, later, "Laverne and Shirley," which starred his sister, Penny Marshall.  He also produced and directed several motion pictures.

Marshall, Penny - Born in 1943, she grew up in the Mosholu Parkway area, where her mother ran a dance school on nearby Jerome Avenue.  Her comedic acting talent was first showcased when she got the part of Laverne on the television show Laverne and Shirley, a project produced by her older brother, Gary.  She later branched out into producing and directing successful motion pictures.

Mineo, Salvatore (Sal) - Born in 1939, he attended a parochial school until the age of eight, when he was dismissed for being a troublemaker.  He then took dancing lessons and was cast two years later in the Broadway production of The Rose Tattoo.  In 1952, he played the part of Yul Brynner's son in The King and I and made his first film in 1955.   Typically playing troubled youths, he made many films and received two Oscar nominations for supporting roles in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and Exodus (1960).  He had several TV roles and directed Fortune and Men's Eyes on Broadway and on the West Coast.

Morris, Gouverneur - After graduating valedictorian from King's College (now Columbia), he became a lawyer and early supporter of the American Revolution.   He helped write the state's first constitution.  As a member of the Federal Convention in 1787, he conceived of the Electoral College and wrote the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution.  He was U.S. Minister to France during the Reign of Terror and U.S. Senator from New York.  The Erie Canal was his idea.  Morris High School is named for him.

Morris, Gouverneur, II - The son of one of the principal framers of the U.S. Constitution, and born in Morrisania, he was one of the major entrepreneurs of the nineteenth century Bronx.  As Vice President of the New York and Harlem River Railroad, he built the railroad now running along Park Avenue.  He promoted Port Morris as a commercial port, and donated land to skilled workers in 1848 to create an ideal workingman's village if it were called Morrisania.  That is today's Morrisania neighborhood.

Morris, John A. - Had a passionate interest in raising and racing horses.  After making a fortune running the Louisiana State Lottery, he purchased a 140-acre estate in Throggs Neck in 1865.  In 1888 he bought land bounded by Pelham Parkway, Williamsbridge Road, Bronxdale Avenue and the railroad tracks, to build Morris Park Racecourse.  Opened in 1890, it hosted the Belmont Stakes until 1903, and inaugurated the Eclipse Stakes.  It was closed in 1910 to create the Morris Park neighborhood.

Morris, Lewis - Born in Morrisania in 1671 and a scholar who owned the largest library in the colony, he rose to become the first native-born chief justice of the colony of New York.  He also financed John Peter Zenger in founding the New York Journal and taking a prominent part in the events that led to the establishment of freedom of the press.  He was later appointed the first royal governor of the colony of New Jersey.  He is buried in St. Ann's Church on St. Ann's Avenue and 140th Street.

Morris, Lewis - Grandson of a colonial chief justice involved in the Zenger case that brought freedom of the press to America, he was an early supporter of the American Revolution.  He became a general in the county militia, and was elected to the Continental Congress.  There, he signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. After the war, he suggested that Morrisania become the nation's capital, and built the first Third Avenue Bridge over the Harlem River and Boston Road.

Morris, Richard - The brother of Lewis Morris, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and half brother of Gouverneur Morris, a principal framer of the U.S. Constitution. A judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court before the Revolution, he became the second chief justice to serve the new state of New York.  He moved from the family home, Morrisania, to live on lands he owned overlooking the Harlem River. That property is today the Morris Heights neighborhood.

Mott, Jordan L. - Purchased land in the southwest Bronx from Gouverneur Morris II in 1841 to create Mott Haven, a nineteenth century version of the industrial park.  He established his own iron foundry there, the buildings of which still stand at Third Avenue and the Harlem River.  Mott was the inventor of the coal burning stove, considered a major innovation at the time, and was a life-long Democrat, often elected to offices in the town of West Farms.  He died in 1866.

Murphy, Arthur - Came from a Fordham Irish family and grew up to be an ardent Democrat.  In 1904 and 1905, he served in New York City's Board of Alderman, and was elected again in 1907, 1908, and 1909.  When The Bronx became a county in 1914, The Bronx County Democratic Party had to be organized, and Murphy was chosen its first county chairman.  He died while holding that position in 1923, and Arthur Murphy Square in his old district at Third Avenue and 181st Street bears his name.

Pakula, Alan - Born in The Bronx in 1928, a descendant of Polish Jews, he was a movie buff from an early age and loved to read Variety.  His family moved from The Bronx to live in Long Beach, Long Island for ten years and then in Manhattan.  He attended The Bronx High School of Science and graduated from Yale University.  Between high school and college, he worked at the Leland Hayward Theatrical Agency.  After Yale, he went to Hollywood to work as a cartoonist for Warner Brothers and in 1950 became an apprentice to writer-producer-director Don Hartman at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.  He moved with Hartman to Paramount Pictures in 1951 and started producing and directing.  His first production was Fear Strikes Out in 1957, followed by such films as To Kill a Mockingbird, Baby the Rain Must Fall, and Up the Down Staircase.   He also directed Klute, All the President's Men, Sophie's Choice, Presumed Innocent, The Pelican Brief, and The Devil's Own, among others.  He died in an automobile accident on Long Island at the age of 70 in 1998.

Palminteri, Chazz - A Bronxite from the Italian-American center of Belmont in The Bronx, he always wanted to be an actor.  Finding his prospects limited because of lack of exposure, he wrote a powerful play based upon his Bronx experiences, "A Bronx Tale," and had it produced on Broadway only on condition that he starred in it.  it was later made into a motion picture, in which he played a different role.  That launched his acting career, and he continued to appear in other movies.

Pell, John - Son of a famous mathematician and diplomat under Oliver Cromwell, he inherited the lands in the northeast Bronx called Pelham from his childless uncle, Thomas Pell.  He encouraged the settlement of the village of Eastchester in the northeast Bronx, and was so respected by his neighbors that they often used him as a mediator in disputes.  He presided over the first county court held at Westchester, today's Westchester Square, in 1683, and served on the colonial governors' Council.

Pell, Thomas - Brother of a famous mathematician and diplomat under Oliver Cromwell, he purchased all of the East Bronx from the Siwanoy Indians in 1654.   He encouraged the establishment of the village of Westchester, near Westchester Square.  He left his name in the lands called Pelham, which survives in Pelham Bay Park, Pelham Parkway, the Pelham Bay neighborhood, and Pell Street on City Island.

Perkins, George W. - A partner of J.P. Morgan's who moved to Riverdale in 1893 and bought Wave Hill, adding to its grounds and landscaping them.  He was deeply involved in conservation efforts, including the creation of Palisades Parkway in New Jersey and a campaign to maintain Central Park.  In 1912, he supported fellow-conservationist, Theodore Roosevelt, in his third party Bull Moose campaign for the presidency, serving as his campaign manager.

Philbin, Regis - Born in Manhattan, he grew up in The Bronx and graduated from Cardinal Hayes High School.  He joined the U.S. Navy after receiving his B.A. from Notre Dame.  After leaving the Navy, he began his television career as a stagehand and delivery boy in Los Angeles.  He went on to become a news writer, a sportscaster and news anchor in Los Angeles and San Diego and then launched The Regis Philbin Show in 1961.  He has hosted a succession of talk shows including Philbin's People, Philbin's Saturday Night in St. Louis and A.M. Los Angeles.   He moved to New York in the early 80s to host The Morning Show, Regis Philbin's Lifestyles on the Lifetime cable network and in 1988 began Live with Regis and Kathy Lee with co-host Kathy Lee Gifford.

Piccirilli, Attilio - The eldest brother of a family of sculptors immigrating to America from Pisa, Italy, he was the most accomplished of them all.   The brothers built a studio, living above it, on 141st Street between St. Ann's and Willis Avenues.  Widely known for their monumental marble sculptures, Daniel Chester French chose them to carve his design for the statue of Abraham Lincoln for the Lincoln Memorial.  Attillio did the head and hands.  The others carved the rest and installed it in place.

Poe, Edgar Allan - Already a noted literary critic, poet and author, he rented a small cottage in Fordham for $100 a year in 1846.  He vainly hoped the fresh air would cure his wife's tuberculosis.  While living in the cottage, he befriended the Jesuit teachers at nearby St. John's College (now Fordham University), and wrote Annabel Lee and The Bells.  The cottage, now in Poe Park, is administered by The Bronx County Historical Society as a historic landmark museum.

Potok, Chaim - Born in The Bronx in 1929 into an Eastern European Hasidic Jewish family, Herman Harold Potok (he used his Hebrew name both personally and professionally) achieved international acclaim in 1967 for his first novel, The Chosen, which was a finalist for a National Book Award as well as being made into a feature film in 1981 and a Broadway musical in 1988. The Chosen was the first novel to introduce a wide audience to the world of Hasidic Jews. Potok turned to literature as a young man when his family discouraged his dream of becoming an artist, although his parents certainly never intended he make his living as an author either. He graduated summa cum laude from Yeshiva University in 1950 and received a master's degree in Hebrew literature in 1954 from the Jewish Theological Seminary. With this degree came ordination as a Conservative rabbi. Potok served as a United States Army chaplain in Korea from 1955 to 1957. In 1965 he earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania. He taught at the University of Judaism in Los Angeles and was the editor-in-chief of the Jewish Publication Society. In addition to The Chosen, his novels include The Promise, Davita's Harp, The Gift of Asher Lev, and Old Men at Midnight. He also wrote two nonfiction works, Wanderings: Chaim Potok's History of the Jews and The Gates of November. He died in Merion, Pennsylvania, at the age of 73 in 2002.

Powell, Colin - Grew up on Kelly Street in Hunts Point and graduated from Morris High School.  He entered the ROTC in City College, graduating as an army Second Lieutenant.  Powell's intelligence, courage, and personality led to a rapid rise in the ranks.  After serving in Vietnam, he was named the National Security Advisor and later the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, where he directed the Gulf War.  He was the first African-American person to hold either position.  He retired a four-star general only to enter politics a few years later as Secretary of State under President George W. Bush.

Reiner, Carl - Born in The Bronx in 1922, he grew up in the Tremont area.  A man with a ready wit, he became a writer and performer in early television in the late 1940s with Sid Caesar on "Your Show of Shows."  He continued to live in The Bronx, where his son, Rob Reiner, was born in 1945.  Reiner later branched out into the movies, becoming a producer and director, as well as an actor on television.

Risse, Louis A. - An immigrant and engineer from Alsace-Lorraine, he resided in a house on Mott Avenue, today's lower Concourse.  when hunting in the Bathgate Woods, today's Crotona Park, he got the idea to build a highway on top of a prominent ridge to the west.  He got his chance to design his Grand Concourse when he was named official Engineer of the Concourse in 1890.  He idea of underpasses at major intersections is still copied.  He modeled the street after the Champs Elysees in Paris.

Simpson, Valerie - A member of the songwriting team, Ashford and Simpson, she was born in 1948 in The Bronx.  Her mother was a clerk for the city government, and her father was a subway conductor and amateur piano player.  She began singing in the choir at the Footsteps of Christ Spiritual Church, and started piano lessons at the age of seven.  While attending Morris High School in 1964, she met Nickolas Ashford at the White Rock Baptist Church in Harlem, and he joined her gospel singing group, the Followers of Christ.  Their first hit song, "Let's Go Get Stoned," was recorded by Ray Charles in 1966.  Soon, Ashford and Simpson moved to Detroit to work as songwriters for Motown Records, where they wrote songs for Diana Ross, Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell, Ray Charles, Chaka Khan, and Gladys Knight & the Pips.  Some of their songs include "Ain't No Mountain High Enough," "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing," "Reach Out and Touch," "Send It," "So, So Satisfied," "Solid," "Your Precious Love," and "You're All I Need." 

Throckmorton, John - An English Puritan who settled in Massachusetts, he became a Baptist and follower of Roger Williams, settling in colonial Rhode Island.   When Massachusetts ministers threatened to take over the tolerant colony, Throckmorton took a group of people to settle in The Bronx on the shores of Long Island Sound in 1642.  Routed by an Indian attack, Throckmorton left his name in garbled form in Throggs Neck, the place where his settlement was located.

Warner, Ivan - One of the first African-American politicians in The Bronx.  He was elected to the New York State Assembly from Morrisania in 1958, replacing his mentor, Walter H. Gladwin, and serving until 1960.  In 1961, he became the first black person from The Bronx to enter the state Senate, where he remained until 1965, when he became a respected judge of the Bronx Supreme Court.

Wouk, Herman - Grew up in Hunts Point in the 1930s and 40s.  His service in the Navy in World War II provided some basis for his great novel, "The Caine Mutiny," and for the later "Winds of War" and "War and Remembrance."  His experiences in The Bronx, however, provided memorable scenes in two other novels, "City Boy," and "Inside Outside."  With a great productive output, Herman Wouk is considered a major American novelist today.

Yalow, Rosalyn - A resident of Kingsbridge where she raised her children and participated in the neighborhood life.  A trained physician and intelligent researcher, she also used the laboratory of the Kingsbridge Veteran's Hospital to develop a test for the early detection of cancer that saved millions of lives.   For this, she was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize for Medicine.  She continued to conduct more research in the Montefiore Medical Center in The Bronx.